CONTENTS

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

INTRODUCTION

I. Manually isolated polytene chromosomes and nuclear envelopes

1. The mica technique
2. Treatment procedures
3. EM preparations
4. EM stereoscopy and prints
5. Protein analyses

II. Acid-isolation of metaphase chromosomes, interphase nuclei and
polytene chromosomes

1. Metaphase chromosomes and nuclei
2. Polytene chromosomes
3. Isolation of chromosomes and pretreatment for spreading chromosomes
4. Spreadings of metaphase and polytene chromosomes
5. Whole mounts of metaphase chromosomes
6. DNA staining
7. EM stereoscopy and micrographs

I. MANUALLY ISOLATED POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES AND NUCLEAR ENVELOPES

1. LM and EM gross level observations on polytene chromosomes
2. Fine-level observations on polytene chromosomes
after salt and salt-RNase treatment
2. 1. Salt-dehistonized chromosomes
2. 2. Salt and RNase-treated chromosomes
3. The NE scaffold: The framework of the nuclear envelope
after salt and nuclease treatment
4. Fine structure of band scaffolds in polytene chromosomes
5. Hyaluronidase-digested scaffolds of bands and NEs
6. DNA folding and scaffold elements

II. ACID-ISOLATED METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES, INTERPHASE NUCLEI AND POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES

1. Isolation of prefixed metaphase chromosomes and nuclei
with acid treatment
2. Scaffold particles in the isolated chromosomes
3. EM stereo inspection of whole-mounted, critical point-dried
metaphase chromosomes and nuclei
4. Salt and DNase treatment of spread metaphase chromosomes
and nuclei
5. Spread polytene chromosomes
6. Salt and nuclease treatment of spread polytene chromosomes

I. MANUALLY ISOLATED POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES AND NUCLEAR
ENVELOPES

1. Technical
2. The nature of the scaffolds: globular vs. fibrous elements
3. Hyaluronidase digestibility of the scaffold
4. Carbohydrates in chromosomes, nuclei and NE
5. Proteins of the cytoskeleton and scaffold-forming elements
6. The elements of the band scaffold and topoisomerase II
7.DNA folding and scaffold elements
8.The loop-and-rosette model

II. ACID-ISOLATED METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES, INTERPHASE
NUCLEI AND POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES

1. Acid isolation of chromosomes
2. EM of whole-mounted acid-isolated chromosomes
3. Metaphase chromatid coiling and chromosome models
4. Metaphase chromatid coiling and the loop-and-rosette model
5. 10-nm DNA-nucleosome loops, 30-nm chromatin fibres and
scaffold elements
6. The matrix-scaffold, pore complex-lamina and
nuclear envelope

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Eukaryotic chromosome structure [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]